Germany s Foreign Policy During World War II - 1981 Words

Germany’s aggressive foreign policy largely contributed to the outbreak of World War II. Revisionist and orthodox views regarding Hitler’s foreign policies can both be argued. The orthodox view suggests Hitler’s actions were the main contributors to the outbreak of war, whereas the revisionist view counterclaims the policy of appeasement, and foreign policies of Japan and Italy were primary contributors. Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, assumed responsibility for German foreign policy in January 1933. The key aspects of German foreign policy, including expansionism and militarism, and the objectives of rearmament, abolishing the Treaty of Versailles, recovering lost territories, and uniting all Germans under the Reich, are the aggressive aspects of German foreign policy that contributed to the outbreak of World War II. World War II arguably began on September 1, 1939, after Germany invaded Poland, leading to Britain and France declaring war on September 3. The orthodox interpretation of German foreign policy as the main cause of World War II can be argued, considering German invasion of Poland directly prompted declarations of war from Britain and France, marking the outbreak of war. Mein Kampf, Hitler’s autobiography, outlines his political stances and future objectives for Germany. In Mein Kampf, Hitler laid out four key foreign policy aims, including creating an ‘Aryan’ race, unification of German people, overthrowing the Treaty of Versailles,Show MoreRelatedU.s. Honors Pre Wwi1668 Words   |  7 PagesChandni Rajesh Mr. LeRoy Honors U.S. History (4A) 10/19/15 U.S. Honors Pre-WWI 1. Bismarck s foreign policy was entirely based on preserving his power and Germany’s throughout Europe. After 1870 he was against the idea of expanding Germany and believed that the country was â€Å"satiated.† Instead, Bismarck wanted to keep the peace among European countries rather than engaging in war, therefore keeping Germany safe from attack. He planned to do this through the use of gaining european alliances whichRead MoreWar I And World War II1264 Words   |  6 Pages During any war, there will alwaAys be alliances made which stick even after the war has been dissolved. Postwar foreign policy after wars such as World War I and World War II was complicated and both had their similarities and differences from each other. World War I (WWI) strengthened our international relations with many countries, It also deteriorated some relations as well and set the stage for America becoming a great power. World War II (WWII) had some of the same effects, solidating our Read MoreThe Containment Of Communism And The Cold War1343 Words   |  6 PagesDuring World War II, the United States and the Soviets put their political differences aside in their need to defeat their common foe, Germany. However, even during the war against Germany, and later Japan, the political and post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviets were ever underlying and continued to grow. As both sides of the Axis allies continued to gain ground, during their victories in Europe, the questions and positioning for future world domination of political idealsRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II854 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a major event in the U.S. and Soviet Union’s history. The main reason that these two countries entered into the Cold War after World War II was power. The USSR and United States had two very different perspectives on power coming out of World War II. This disagreement ultimately caused the Cold War. Russia’s perspective after World War II was influenced by Joseph Stalin. Stalin, the leader of the USSR at the time, was a merciless dictator. His main concern was maintaining power andRead MoreBismarck And Kaiser Wilhelm s Foreign Policy1150 Words   |  5 PagesKaiser Wilhelm were two German officials around the time of world war one. They both had foreign policies and they were both pretty different. Bismarck’s foreign policy had many aims. One of the aims was to leave territorial expansion behind. He unified Germany and to do so had to incorporate many other states into Prussia. He was also very much in favor of peace instead of war. He also never tried to strengthen the naval forces of Germany especially not to ruin the relationship with England. NextRead MoreThe Historical Birth Of The Concept Of Foreign Policy In1527 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of Foreign Policy in the United States has had a very interesting start. During today s policymaking it may seem like we have our hand and every cookie jar. However, this was not how our nation initially started out. President Washington argued the great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is to have them as little political connection as possible (New Framework for Foreign Affairs, 2013) It would seem that the founders did not feel the need to have extensive foreign policiesRead MorePolitical Party During The 20th Century1411 Words   |  6 Pageslarge part of American history. The events that occurred during that time period helped mold the United States into the world leader it is today. While the 20th century was dominated by Democratic leaders, the Republican party still had presidential icons such as Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Dwight Eisenhower. With the amounts of political pull on both sides, it raises the question as to which political party was more successful during the 20th century. Although determining the outcome of whichRead MoreHistory Essay Spanish Civ il War957 Words   |  4 PagesWhat were the key effects of the Spanish Civil War? Spanish Civil War was war which lasted from 1936 to 1939. For the Spanish it was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“totalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  war, because whole available arms, weapons, economy and other sectors of country were included in this war. But the Spanish Civil War was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“limitedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  war for foreign powers, since they hadnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t been directly included into the conflict. In this war the new technology was very significant, especially dominance of the airpower. Control of the sea wasRead MoreThe United States After World War I894 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War I, the United States made it pretty clear that the country and its people did not want any involvement with any international affairs, such as international wars. The decision was made on August 27th, 1928; the pact was a pledge to shun war as an instrument of policy. The United States was determined to avoid involvement in the European Alliance system. The two reasons why the United States kept its distance politically were due to the Great Depression. During the Depression, it madeRead MoreThe Revolution, The Second Reich, And The First War932 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Second Reich, and the First War Many historians believe that due to the Wilhelmine Era and the expansion of the German nation, as a whole, led to the outbreak of World War One. During the Bismarck era, Bismarck s main goal was to keep France isolated and stay in good relations with Austria and Russia so that it would prevent a two-front war. Although Bismarck s foreign policy was creating cooperation, it did not last very long. The spark of World War one came from the Wilhelmine era

Autozone and Caterpillar Free Essays

Consider the auto parts buyer decision process. How has this process changed for new Outshone customers. How has the economy Influenced this change?! If we rely to Miami FL specifically to answer this question, it would be easy to answer, because in this city the majority of the population is Hispanic. We will write a custom essay sample on Autozone and Caterpillar or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is a target that has immigrated from his native country, in which they are used to having their same car for many years. Unlike the American people who are used to having new cars tie often. The changing economy these days also has a lot to do with It. Since, people often prefer to buy the portion of the vehicle that Is bad, and change whatever Is necessary instead to buy a new car. They prefer to spend In small quantities to make larger investments as it be would a new car. ‘ 2. Veils www. Outshone. Com. Does It appear that the company Is trying to help the newer, lessknowledgeable customer? Based on your observations, what recommendations would you make to Outshone?! Yes, I think they’re trying to help customers, or at least tries to pretend that. Their website have several discounts. For example, you can rent certain tools If you have also pick the piece that you need in the store Just in twenty four hours, which I think is pretty convenient. According to my point of view as well as designer and client I would slightly improve the website, because it is a bit confusing, it has everything everywhere, the texts are in different colors like, black, gray, white, orange. In my opinion a website should look clean and tidy so in that way the client can move through it in a more efficient manner.! Caterpillar! . Given the nature of the demand for its products, is there anything that Caterpillar could do to maintain or increase revenues in a down economy?! Since this company is directly dependent on other companies, which are responsible for building and are in need of this heavy machinery. I think the key to improve or maintain their income, would offer packages and special offers. As would several machines, whether the more indispensable machines for building in a better price. Or maybe have a department of resale, where are responsible for buying and selling old machinery and restore it and sell it again at better price than a new one.! 2. As a corporation that fuels the economy to some extent, is there anything that Caterpillar could do to facilitate a global economic recovery?! Probably yes, since this is a company that eventually is need to all the things that want to be build. Therefore Caterpillar could develop certain plans to help small businesses or new businesses doing something similar as exchanges; That is they provide them much more economical machinery, or instead of selling the machines, How to cite Autozone and Caterpillar, Papers

Corporate Sustainability Management Management Preventative

Question: Describe about the Corporate Sustainability Management for Management Preventative. Answer: Week One Issue Management Issue management is a preventative, strategic management practice in organizations that helps them to identify and counter aptly to rising trends and transformations. Organizations take these steps keeping in mind that these trends and modifications can any time in future take shape of an issue and pose threats to or cause discomfort for public and stakeholders (Cmd.act.gov.au 2016). Linkage to real life: In 1994, Texacos six employees filed a lawsuit against company for racial discrimination. The company quickly issues a public apology and suspended the perpretators. They even visited all branches and personally apologized to all employees. Crisis Management Crisis management is the process of managing and handling sudden and unexpected events that arises and disturbs employees in an organization, as well as external stakeholders. It prepares individuals and the organization to face unforeseen developments and difficult situations at the workplace with confidence and determination. It also assists in adjusting properly to the sudden alterations in the organization (Alas and Gao 2012). Linkage to real life: Richard Bransons famous crisis management on the event of Virgin Galactics test flight crash is a superior example. He rushed to the crash site, showed his compassion, determination on finding the underlying cause of the incident and continued committing fully to commercial air travelling. Week Two Business Ethics The moral principles, that direct businesses and individuals in those businesses on how to behave, come under the purview of business ethics. Business ethics means having the knowledge to differentiate between what is right and what is wrong and then taking the right action. At present, most businesses have their own business principles and policies to set the core values and practices for the employees to follow (Weiss 2014). Linkage to real life: All our supervisors at office conduct regular meetings with team members to make them aware about any misconduct they have shown and how to resolve that. In this way, everyone is aware of how to behave at the office, what is wrong and what to avoid. Models of Management Ethics Management ethics are of three types: Immoral management a practice devoid of ethical values and active opposition to ethical norms Moral management a practice confirming to high standards of ethical conduct Amoral management intentional conduct that does not take into consideration ethical factors and unintentional conduct that is lackadaisical about ethical conducts at the workplace. Linkage to real life: At my workplace, most of the managers and other senior level management practice moral management practices. They make sure their conduct towards their subordinates or equals are ethical and abiding the principles of the organization. Week Three Transnational Economy Transnational Economy is the expression used for describing the new stretched out marketplace. These markets go beyond national boundaries, comprises of individuals and businesses of different nationalities, and labor movement and capital flow happens internationally. Modern businesses are interested and strive to expand into developed markets and be a leader there (Nollert 2015). Linkage to real life: American conglomerate General Electric is one of the biggest example of a transnational corporation. It holds the most assets overseas than any other firm in the world almost 70% of its total. More than half of their labor force works outside America. Corruption In an organization, when the people who are in positions of power like managers, behave in a dishonest way, the conduct is deemed as corruption. It includes giving or accepting inducements or inapt gifts, under-the-table deals, money laundering and deceiving investors. Different industries experience different forms of corruption (Nyberg and Wright 2013). Linkage to real life: Reports were released about the corruption prevalent in the Department of Immigration in the context of several visa cases being ignored, and many were already granted visa without proper investigation. Investigations revealed submission of false qualifications or counterfeit degrees from famous universities. Week Four Lobbying Lobbying is the act of trying to manipulate business managers and government leaders into proposing, passing, creating or changing legislations and carrying out activities that would assist a particular organization, group, industry or an individuals interests. The Australian Government has a Lobbying Code of Conduct to ensure transparency, integrity and honesty (Lobbyists.pmc.gov.au 2016). Linkage to real life: In 2010, after Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced that a resource tax would be implemented, a huge lobbying campaign started to stop the law from becoming law. Lobbyists were hired to construct the campaigns. Anti-tax horror stories were streamed to columnists and radio stations. They did everything possible to stop passage of the law. Coalition Building Coalition building is the process or act of constructing a provisional alliance or collaborating between groups (individuals, companies, nations) for achieving a common objective or for engaging in a joint activity. The formation of these groups of similar principles, interests and aims permits members to merge their assets and turn into an entity more powerful than what they were alone. Linkage to real life: In my company, I have regularly seen instances of coalition building for any project or any occasion or event. Every year all the employees take part in an inter-department competition, during Christmas, of decorating our workspace in the best way possible. All the members jointly contribute with their individual ideas and help in decorations. Week Five Biodiversity Biodiversity is referred to the variety of all living organisms including different plants, animals or microorganisms. It also comprises of the genetic information these living bodies hold and the bionetwork they form. It is generally considered in three different ways genetic diversity, species diversity and bionetwork diversity. These three levels collaborate for crating the intricacy of life on Earth (Australianmuseum.net.au 2016). Linkage to real life: As a human being and a living body, I am a part of the bionetwork. Every aspect in my surrounding compromises of species of different kind. When I move into a different ecosystem the species assortment changes, giving the idea that our ecosystem is actually vastly diverse. Week Six Corporate Philanthropy Corporate philanthropy is the action taken by a corporation or a business for supporting the welfare of other individuals or institutions, usually with the aid of channels like funds or charitable donations, sometimes even with time and talent. The donations are either handled directly by the corporation or by any separate foundation established by the firm itself (Morris 2013). Linkage to real life: Apple Inc is an excellent example of corporate philanthropy. Their CEO Tim Cook introduced a matching gift program. Every year they match gifts up to $10,000 contributed by full-time employees. They also offer a volunteer grant program in which they provide grants to on profit organizations for employees to regularly volunteer. References Alas, R. and Gao, J., 2012. Introduction to Crisis Management. InCrisis Management in Chinese Organizations(pp. 1-8). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Australianmuseum.net.au. 2016. What is biodiversity? - Australian Museum. [online] Available at: https://australianmuseum.net.au/what-is-biodiversity [Accessed 1 Dec. 2016]. Cmd.act.gov.au. 2016. Managing Issues in the Workplace - ACTPS Employment Portal. [online] Available at: https://www.cmd.act.gov.au/employment-framework/managers-And-supervisors/managers-toolkit/issues-managment-in-the-workplace [Accessed 1 Dec. 2016]. Lobbyists.pmc.gov.au. 2016. Australian Government Lobbyists Register. [online] Available at: https://lobbyists.pmc.gov.au/ [Accessed 1 Dec. 2016]. Morris, S.A., Bartkus, B.R., Glassman, M. and Rhiel, G.S., 2013. Philanthropy and corporate reputation: An empirical investigation.Corporate Reputation Review,16(4), pp.285-299. Nollert, M., 2015. Transnational corporate ties: a synopsis of theories and empirical findings.Journal of World-Systems Research,11(2), pp.289-314. Nyberg, D. and Wright, C., 2013. Corporate corruption of the environment: sustainability as a process of compromise.The British journal of sociology,64(3), pp.405-424. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Think free essay sample

It is atop the shingles above my garage, next to my bedroom window, under my twin oak tree where I frequent a perch, content on my roof. A place to think, to relax, to read, to escape: my roof is steady. Facing east, I can watch the sun rise over the city skyline; facing west, I witness the sun drop into the trees, taking with it, the colors of the sky. During the day I watch the trees sway to the rhythm of the wind. My eyes follow the squirrels as they jump from tree to tree, always leaving a trail of rustling leaves. I listen to the birds’ morning songs, and I listen to the crickets’ nightly melodies. I count the stars and trace the paths of planes. Come evening with the windows open, I listen to the sizzle of my mother cooking dinner simultaneously mingle with my father’s modulated tuning of the guitar. We will write a custom essay sample on Think or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Looking up into the sky I feel small as I take in the expansive universe above me. Yet I feel content up high knowing I am a little closer the breathtaking world overhead. On this roof my thoughts are extensive, wide-ranging and sweeping as the sky. I become an observer and absorb everything around me. Watching the cars roll by, oblivious, blind to their surroundings, I pity them. Then reality catches up, and I remember society and life and responsibility take precedence, and I accept the sad fact. At the same time however, I find it consequential to take the time every once in a while to stop. To absorb the world, appreciating its quirks and wonders. I can think about everything at once and yet nothing at all on the roof. I can listen to everything and nothing. I can play Pink Floyd’s Wish You Were Here and Daughter’s Youth, or I can resort to nature’s sweet songs. I think about the idea of thinking, and I think about space and life and the immense size of everything. I self reflect and think about the different sides of myself. My contrasting moods and my various friends pass through my head, everything intermingling and linking in odd connections left from right, yet at the same time typifying the randomness of the world. Lately, I have been thinking about my future and its endless possibilities along with my seemingly incapability to make any decisions. At 17 years old I do not know how I am supposed to select a place to spend my next four years and prepare myself for a career I am supposed to have for the rest of my life. I wonder how to choose between my love for both the city’s commotion and chaos and my love for the natural world and its silent beauty. In the end it comes down to diligence and hard work to create opportunities and possibilities. I need to carve my path and hope for happiness; I hope for the serene content I experience on the roof and make sure I stay true to my passions, as soon as I discover what such passions are. I will continue thinking and challenging my ideas and thoughts and keep improving myself. I find that alone time on my roof where I can think is just as vital to my growth as the priceless moments and memories I create with my dearest friends and family. Thinking, breathing, living and being. This could happen anywhere, I suppose. It just so happens my roof is the perfect niche in the space I need.

Lemonade stand business performance

Lemonade stand business performance Various financial statements are used in the analysis of business performance. These include the balance sheet, income statement and the cash flow statements (Woolridge Gray, 2006). These statements are used to reflect various aspects of business performance, including calculation of key ratios that are used to evaluate performance of a business entity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lemonade stand business performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An income statement makes available an entities revenues and expenses for a given duration and hence its serves as a basic measure of profitability (Carl, 2008). On the other hand, a balance sheet shows an entities assets portfolio and hence reflects the business liquidity position. The cash flow statement shows the businesses’ cash spending and hence reflects the cash available for use by the business at any given time. The Lemonade case falls under f ast-food restaurant and as such to evaluate its actual financial performance, it is wise to insider its performance to that of other players within the industry. This report compares the Lemonade stand business against Green tree Mall fast food restaurant, a fast growing fast food restaurant that has been able to record god financial results over the last three years. The choice of Green tree Mall restaurant is largely motivated by its astounding financial performance over the last five years, making it a leading player in the industry. In its last quarter, the fast-food restaurant recorded 42% profit, with a return on equity and return on assets of 56% and 52% respectively. Its outstanding performance is reflected by its large profitability ratio (62%). The current ratio of 5.12 while debt to equity ratio of 1.14. The results were far beyond the industry’s debt to equity ratio of 0.85 and a current ratio of 4.80. This positions the fast-food restaurant as the industrys bench mark of performance excellence. However, this is not the focus of this paper. Green tree Mall fast food restaurant will only be used as a benchmark measure of the performance of Lemonade stand business. The performance of the Lemonade stand presented in this report, is a continuation of its first season’s performance. An additional comparison is made between its first season’s performance and second season’s performance. The performance is shown by the income statement, the balance sheet, and the financaila ratios indicating the businesses’ performance. See below: Table 1: Income statement year 1 and year 2Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Year 1 Year 2 Revenues 184.10 314.56 Less: Expenses 62.22 86.58 Net-Income 121.88 227.98 Year 1 and year 2 results reveal a rise in spending as well as revenue from year 1 to year 2. This shows that the businesses generated more income and expenses during the second season. Balance Sheet Assets: Year 1 Year 2 Cash 184.10 314.56 Inventories 3.03 5.6 Equipment 9.00 12.12 Total Assets 196.13 332.28 Liabilities Accounts Payable 34.25 44.25 Total Liabilities 34.25 44.25 Equity Owners Capital 40.00 161.88 Retained Earnings 121.88 126.15 Total Equity 161.88 288.03 Total Liabilities Owners Equity 196.13 332.28 The balance also reveals that the businesses’ assets and liability portfolios grew from year one to two. Assets grew from $196.13 to $ 332.28, while liabilities similarly grew from $34.25 and $44.25. The business also grew its owner’s capital from $40 to $161.88. This is mainly attributed to the fact that no dividends were issued and instated all the earnings for the previous year were retained into the business. To better evaluate the business performance a comparison is made between its first season and the second season. This is best accomplished with the help of financial ratios shown in the table below: Â  Season1 Season 2 Return on equity 75% 79% Return on Assets 62% 69% Profitability ratio 66% 72% Current Ratio 5.46 7.24 Debt to equity ratios 1.21 1.15 The return on equity grew from 75% to 79%. This indicates that the owners earning from their capital investment also grew. While in the previous season, the owners accumulated 75 cents for every dollar they invested, in the current season, each owner accumulated 79 cents for their equity owning. Similarly, the return yielded by assets grew marginally. For each dollar worth of an asset, 72 cents were yielded as compared to the provision year where a dollar worth of an asset’s yielded 66 cents. The businesses’ profitability ratio also grew from 66% to 72% indicating that for each invested dollar, a 72 cents profit was accumulated. The current ratio also grew from 5.46, during the previous season to 7.2 4 during the current season indicating that the businesses was more able to generate cash to pay for its operations. However, the businesses’ ability to pay for its long-term liabilities dropped from 1.21 to 1.15. The decline is however, a positive results considering that lenders often prefer a low debt to equity ratio (Erich, 2001). The debt to equity ratio acts a measurement of the relationship between capital contributed by the business owners and that contributed by the creditors. Additionally, the ratio shows the extent to which the capital input by shareholders can business can meet its responsibilities to the creditors when a business is liquidated.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lemonade stand business performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In relation to the industries performance, the lemonade business performed astonishingly better exceeding even the performance of the selected ben chmark industry player. While the benchmark industry player retuned a profitability of 42%, earnings its shareholders 56 cents and 52 cents for every dollar worth of owners equity and assets, the lemonade stand business earned its owners’ equity and asset portfolio 79 cents and 72 cents for every dollar respectively. The performance of the business can therefore be summarized as growing over time and has been able to ward off competition from similar products offered by its competitors. In conclusion, it’s important to mention that the performance of the businesses not only grew within its own operations but also recorded very positive results compared to the industries performance. This indicates that the strategic approach adopted by the entrepreneurs has been successfully in ensuring that spending is controlled in a manner that works positively towards the businesses success. Additionally, the performance could be attributed to the businesses pricing strategy and re sponse to the varying weather conditions as key determinants to the clients purchasing trends. Positively identifying the factors that clients consider in order to purchase the products is crucial to the success of the business, and seemingly, this is an aspect that the business managers have been able to successfully manage. In general, the strategic objective adopted by the business managers has yielded positive results and has seen the business performance astonishingly well compared to other players in the industry. References Carl, W. (2008). Survey of Accounting. Cincinnati: South-Western College Publication. pp. 128–132. Erich, H. (2001). The Nature of Financial Statements: The Income Statement. Financial Analysis Tools and Techniques A Guide for Managers. London: McGraw-Hill. p. 40.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Woolridge, J. R. Gray, G. (2006). Applied Principles of Finance. London: McGraw Hill.

How to Format A College Essay 15 Expert Tips

How to Format A College Essay 15 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you’re applying to college, even small decisions can feel high-stakes. This is especially true for the college essay, which often feels like the most personal part of the application. You may agonize over your college application essay format: the font, the margins, even the file format. Or maybe you’re agonizing over how to organize your thoughts overall. Should you use a narrative structure? Five paragraphs? In this comprehensive guide, we’ll go over the ins and outs of how to format acollege essayon both the micro and macro levels. We’ll discuss minor formatting issues like headings and fonts, then discuss broad formatting concerns like whether or not to use a five-paragraph essay, and if you should use a college essay template. How to Format a College Essay: Font, Margins, Etc. Some of your formatting concerns will depend on whether you will be cutting and pasting your essay into a text box on an online application form or attaching a formatted document. If you aren’t sure which you’ll need to do, check the application instructions. Note that the Common Application does currently require you to copy and paste your essay into a text box. Most schools also allow you to send in a paper application, which theoretically gives you increased control over your essay formatting. However, I generally don’t advise sending in a paper application (unless you have no other option) for a couple of reasons: Most schools state that they prefer to receive online applications. While it typically won’t affect your chances of admission, it is wise to comply with institutional preferences in the college application process where possible. It tends to make the whole process go much more smoothly. Paper applications can get lost in the mail. Certainly there can also be problems with online applications, but you’ll be aware of the problem much sooner than if your paper application gets diverted somehow and then mailed back to you. By contrast, online applications let you be confident that your materials were received. Regardless of how you will end up submitting your essay, you should draft it in a word processor. This will help you keep track of word count, let you use spell check, and so on. Now I’ll go over some of the concerns you might have about the correct college essay application format whetheryou're copying and pastinginto atext box or attaching a document, plus a few tips that apply either way: Plus, online submission doesn't require any stamps! If You'll Be Copy-and-Pasting Into a Text Box: The main thing when you copy and paste into a text box is to double- and triple-check that everything transferred over correctly. First, check that your whole essay transferred over and wasn’t cut off! Word counts can get messed up by wonky formatting or be counted differently in the text box, so be aware that you may need to make slight adjustments there. When you copy and paste, you may lose formatting like bold or italics. Sometimes bold and italics also just won’t work in the text box, so you may be better off just not using them. Your paragraph spacing may get messed up when you copy and paste your essay over. So make sure that all of your paragraphs are clearly delineated, either through tabs or through a skipped line if tabbing doesn’t work. Font will probably be standardized, but if it’s not, choose a standardfont like Times New Roman or Arial (you’ll probably have limited options anyways) and a normal size (12 pt). If You'reAttaching a Document: If you’re attaching a document, you have to be more concerned with the overall college essay format. Things like margins and spacing become more important. Use one-inch margins all around. This is standard and easy to read. While single-spaced essays are usually acceptable, your essay will be easier to read if it’s 1.5 or double-spaced. Clearly delineate your paragraphs. A single tab at the beginning is fine. Use a font that’s easy to read, like Times, Arial, Calibri, Cambria, etc. Avoid fonts like Papyrus and Curlz. And use 12 pt font. You may want to include a college essay heading with a page number and your application ID. Don’t include your name unless it’s specifically requested. Oftentimes, you’ll need to submit your college essay in a specific file format. The application may only accept certain versions of Word files (i.e. only .doc and not .docx), .rtf or .pdf files. So just be sure that you are saving your file in an accepted format before you upload it! I recommend .pdf files whenever possible, because they are uneditable and always look the same. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now: Formatting Guidelines That Apply No Matter How You End Up Submitting the Essay: Unless it’s specifically requested, you don’t need a title. It will just eat into your word count. Avoid cutesy, overly colloquial formatting choices like ALL CAPS or ~unnecessary symbols~ or, heaven forbid, emoji and #hashtags. Your college essay should be professional, and anything too cutesy or casual will come off as immature. Keep these out of your essay! How To Structure Your College Essay Maybe you’re less concerned with the micro-level college essay format,like fonts, and more concerned with the macro-level format,like how to structure your college admissions essay. Is there’s some secret paragraph formula that will make writing easy and clearly express all of your strengths to an awestruck admissions committee? Sadly, no. However, the good news is that a college essay is actually a good opportunity to play with structure a little bit and break free from the five-paragraph essay. (You’re certainly not disallowed from writing a five-paragraph essay, but it’s by no means guaranteed to be the best college essay structure.) A good college essay is like a sandwich, where the intro and conclusion are the pieces of bread and whatever comes between them is the sandwich toppings. A sandwich without bread is a bad sandwich, but a good sandwich could have any number of things between the bread pieces. So you need a clear introduction that gives a pretty clear idea of where you will be going in the essay and a conclusion that wraps everything up and makes your main point clear. However, how you approach the middle part is up to you. You could structure your essay more like a narrative, relating an important experience from your life. You could use an extended analogy, where each paragraph is a part of the analogy. You want to adhere broadly to the wisdom that each paragraph should have an identifiable main idea, but a college essay is definitely a great chance to break free from the five-paragraph essay. For more in-depth advice on how to structure your essay, check out our expert step-by-step guide on tackling the essay. Mmm, delicious essay...I mean sandwich. Why College Essay Templates Are a Bad Idea You might see college essay templates online that offer guidelines on how to structure your essay and what to say in each paragraph. I strongly advise against using a template. It will make your essay sound canned and bland- two of the worst things a college essay can be. It’s much better to think about what you want to say, and then talk through how to best structure it with someone else and/or make your own practice outlines before you sit down to write. You can also find tons of successful sample essays online. Looking at these to get an idea of different styles and topics is fine, but again, I don’t advise closely patterning your essay after a sample essay. You will do the best if your essay really reflects your own original voice and the experiences that are most meaningful to you. College Application Essay Format: Key Takeaways There are two levels of formatting you might be worried about: the micro (fonts, headings, margins, etc) and the macro (the overall structure of your essay). Tips for the micro level of your college application essay format: Always draft your essay in a word processing software, even if you’ll be copy-and-pasting it over into a text box. If you are copy-and-pasting it into a text box, make sure your formatting transfers properly, your paragraphs are clearly delineated, and your essay isn’t cut off. If you are attaching a document, make sure your font is easily readable, your margins are standard 1-inch, your essay is 1.5 or double-spaced, and your file format is compatible with the application specs. There’s no need for a title unless otherwise specified- it will just eat into your word count. Tips for the macro levelof your college application essay format: There is no super-secret college essay format that will guarantee success. In terms of structure, it’s most important that you have an introduction that makes it clear where you’re going and a conclusion that wraps up with a main point. For the middle of your essay, you have lots of freedom, just so long as it flows logically! I advise against using an essay template, as it will make your essay sound stilted and unoriginal. Plus, if you use a college essay template, how will you get rid of these medieval weirdos? What's Next? Still feeling lost? Check out ourtotal guide to the personal statement, or see our step-by-step guide to writing the perfect essay. If you're not sure where to start, consider these tipsfor attention-grabbing first sentences to college essays! And be sure to avoid these 10 college essay mistakes. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

International Money and Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Money and Finance - Essay Example ompany name â€Å"Sunbelt Rentals.† Sunbelt Rentals has 358 facilities across the United States, and functions primarily in the commercial construction market. The company’s annual report from 2010 provides clues on the exchange rate risks. The operating statistics on the number of rental stores and staff strength provide a comparative view of the performance of the Ashtead Group for both Sunbelt Rentals and A-Plant in the years 2009 and 2010 respectively (Ashtead Group Press Release, 2011). Ashtead Group exposure to exchange rate risk develops from translation risk, which emerges from most of the company’s assets, liabilities, income, and costs being written in U.S. dollars. The changes in the comparative value of Pound Sterling and the U.S. dollar impact on the financial strength and functioning of the company. All of the company’s debt is shown in U.S. dollars in order to secure the revenue stream, hedging against the translation effect erupting from the shift in the dollar exchange rate. The company pays dollar interest on its debts to reduce the impact of any shift in the dollar exchange rate on its income (Moffett et al., 2009, p. 260, Ashtead Group Annual Report Accounts, 2010). Movement in the exposure of the company against the Pound Sterling or other currencies can create significant transaction exposure. Higher levels of exposure can affect the firm’s short-term cash flow and therefore may force the firm to borrow in order to meet its short-term cash requirements (Moffett et al., 2009, p. 253-255). Until the 31st of October, 2010, all company debts were shown in U.S. dollars and nearly 80% of the value of the company’s net assets was also in dollars. It proved to be a robust hedge against currency fluctuations. It reduces the impact of exchange rate fluctuations as interest is paid through dollars, thus reducing the effect on pre-tax profits and income. Based on the latest currency mix of Ashtead Group’s profits and dollar debt levels, in

Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Nature - Essay Example The product claims that its ingredients are 92 percent natural. The image that the advertisement uses to promote its assumptions is the picture of various plants and herbs that are coming out of its bottle. The word â€Å"Naturals† attached to the product name itself gives an illusion that the product is all natural. It also uses the figure â€Å"92% natural ingredients† as part of its packaging design. To call something â€Å"natural† means â€Å"not altered, treated, or disguised as well as in a state regarded as primitive, uncivilized, or unregenerate† (Joltes , par 7). Joltes goes on further to say that â€Å"natural† products are perceived to be â€Å"unprocessed and comes from unrefined ores, minerals, plant materials, or other "natural" sources† (par 7). â€Å"Natural† products are believed to be safe and pure (Joltes , par 14). â€Å"Unnatural† products are the exact opposites of â€Å"natural† products. These are products which are processed and may contain

Frederic Edwin Church Essay Example for Free

Frederic Edwin Church Essay Frederic Edwin Church was born on May 4, 1826 in Hartford Connecticut. He passed on April 7, 1900 at the age of 73. (Bereading for pleasure. blogspot. com/ /Fredrick-Edwin-Church-Twilight) Frederic was a talented nature artist. He painted many beautiful scenes of the countries wilderness. The painting I have chosen to write my analysis on is â€Å"Twilight in the Wilderness. † This painting was done in 1860 right around the civil war time period. At the same time peoples minds were set on manifest destiny. Manifest destiny was the belief that Americans would own coast to coast in America and flourish in wealth by creating new jobs and using their new land to do so. Churchs intention, by painting these scenes of nature, was to draw more attention to the wonderful scenery and away from the monetary element of this new land. Although there have been many different opinions and views on his paintings, they all seem to point in the same direction of his views on â€Å"Nature† and the future of our great nation. Now that I have given you a little history on Frederic Edwin Church and his painting â€Å"Twilight in the Wilderness,† I will give you my formal analysis on this painting. Based on what I have learned from the history of this painting I will elaborate on the attention to detail that Frederic has put into this painting. The first thing that I notice is the focal point seems to be the mountains in the background. The sky around these mountains is bright with yellow and white that fades away into the darker sky and dim landscaping. The forefront of this painting had dying trees and a broken tree stump. As the river flows away from the forefront, it gets smaller as do the trees and mountains. Attention to detail gets less from the forefront to the background. These things combined gives the painting depth. With the clouds and mountains rolling soft edges gives the viewer a sense of relaxation and comfort. But yet when you think of the history of the painting you can draw a different view. It is interesting that Frederic not only uses the normal colors of nature but, uses the influence of red, hite, and blue to illustrate the patronage of the time period in which it was painted in. In conclusion I feel that the composition that Church uses in this painting gives his views in motion. In the forefront is dying trees. This shows the struggle that is occurring at this time. The skyline is red with water reflecting that color, an illustration showing the blood that is being shed. As the painting fades off from the forefront to the background the skyline clears up and gets brighter. This shows that his belief is that times will get better and the country will be beautiful once again.

Essay --

A lot of people put their trust in vaccines to keep them safe without question, but they may be very wrong in doing so. Vaccinations are obtained by inserting the original disease into animal or aborted human fetus tissue to weaken the germ for use in humans. The idea behind vaccinations is that by injecting the weakened germ into your body, your immune system will respond and learn to better take care of that same germ in the future. There is a downside to every vaccine, whether it is the fact that the vaccine is of no real use at all, or that a vast majority of vaccines come with dangerous downsides (Lendman). However essential to your life vaccines are according to medical doctors, many come with bad sides and should be avoided; your body will do better off without them. Firstly, do vaccines really stop or slow down diseases as well as they are supposed to? The British Association for the Advancement of Science has shown that from 1850 to 1940, childhood diseases went down by 90 percent before mandatory vaccination programs were put into effect (Lendman). Robert S. Mendelsohn, M.D., has pointed out that this increase in health has occurred not because of vaccinations, but because of improving nutrition, sanitation, and living conditions (Mendelsohn). Vaccinations: Deception & Tragedy by Michael Dye says, â€Å"Diphtheria cases declined by 90 percent in the United States between 1900 and 1930, before a diphtheria vaccine was implemented† (Dye). Dr. Mendelsohn notes that, â€Å"Today your child has about as much chance of contracting diphtheria as he does of being bitten by a cobra. Yet millions of children are immunized against it with repeated injections† (Mendelsohn). Michael Dye’s book also states that â€Å"mumps and measles are childhood ... ...nds of years of evolution has sculpted a natural tool to protect you against dangerous diseases? All you are required to do to keep your immune system functioning as it should is to keep your body out of danger in the first place, that is – away from potentially harmful vaccinations. Maintain a good diet – eating proper foods is perhaps the biggest key to keeping your body in a good condition. A good immune system is very powerful and therefore essential to have. Vaccinations are an unnecessary money-making scam. Many are useless in preventing diseases, and they can often cause dangerous health complications to your body. People are much better off without them. Your immune system can handle things perfectly and normally without the help of vaccinations that do nothing but cost tens of thousands of needless injuries, permanent damages, and losses of life every year.

Fundraising Letter: organising the Lent Appeal

Dear Parents/Carers, I am delighted to inform you that we are organising the Lent Appeal once again this year. Blue Coat was founded many years ago as a charity school which provided education and guidance to the poor people in and around Walsall. A prevalent part of the Christian faith is to treat others as you wish to be treated and at Blue Coat we strive to achieve this from all pupils. As a Church of England Academy we celebrate special events in the Christian calendar, including Lent. We believe that being benevolent forms a part of our Christian philosophy, and even though there are many different faiths at Blue Coat, charitable giving is a fundamental part of all faiths. The Lent Appeal project aims to raise as much money as possible for our chosen charity and support those in need. We have been raising thousands of pounds for many different charities over the past few years with the support of students, teachers and parents. Last year we accumulated over  £3,000 for the charity Islamic Relief, and this year we are hoping to raise even more but in order to achieve this we will need your continued support. The event will take place during the Easter period as a commemoration of the forty days that Jesus spent in the desert making sacrifices. We remember this time by encouraging pupils to give up their time and money just as Jesus gave up his life for others. Each year the pupils are given a voice. During a vote they select which charity they most want to raise money for. This year the majority of the pupils nominated Water Aid. They use practical solutions to supply clean water, effective sanitation and education to the world’s underprivileged people. In addition they try to influence education policy at national and international levels. They are presently operating in twenty seven countries mainly situated in the Africa, Asia, Pacific region and Central America continent. This specific charity also provides safe aquatic and public health services close to people's homes. Furthermore, their projects allow communities to attain a more robust quality of life and escape the spiral of poorness and specialise in fairness. During the Lent period we ask both parents and students to support our fundraising events and take part in extra-curricular activities that are led by teachers. We like to allow students to take ownership over raising money, with the support of their form tutors to help build self-confidence, team work skills and understanding the importance of helping others. There are many ways in which you can offer support; firstly encourage your child to take part in all events, attend after school events such as; fashion shows and X Factor. There will also be friendly competitions between the different colleges to help raise money for Water Aid and we would like your child to take part in at least one. You can obtain further information regarding the project by either visiting the school website or collecting a leaflet from the school reception. Once the Lent Appeal is over, the money will be collected together by a member of staff and the total calculated. The grand total will be announced in a special church assembly with a cheque awarded to a representative of the charity. To encourage pupils to support the Lent Appeal there will also be certificates awarded to individuals, forms and colleges who have raised the most amount of money and shown a high level of commitment. I hope I have covered all of the information you need however if you would like any further details please do not hesitate to contact me. Thank you in advance for your continued support.

A Prayer for My Daughter: the Poem

A PRAYER FOR MY DAUGHTER The poem by WB Yeats portrays how a father, blessed with a daughter, prays for the future happiness and wellbeing of her. The poet hopes that instead of growing up to be a woman of immense beauty, his daughter should be blessed with attributes of a virtuous and a great soul. She should be well-mannered and full of humility rather than being strongly opinionated, to avoid any intellectual detestation that could drown her in misery. The prayer for his daughter beyond its personal scope is a prayer for the evolution of a culture and human society based on values of decency and courtesy, magnanimity, innocence and ceremony. It is a prayer for the whole world. The poem begins with a vivid picture of a storm brewing in the seas. The storm is symbolic of the turmoil going on in the apprehensive poet’s mind regarding his newly-born’s future in a world marked with bloodshed and violence. Between his daughter and the raging seas, there stands ‘one bare hill’ and ‘Gregory’s wood’ which might not thwart the storm from reaching the hapless child. The poet is naturally worried as he senses the gale striking the tower and ‘the arches of the bridges’. In his mind, the storm presages the future years of his daughter arriving in a ‘frenzied’, delirious agitation, mounting from the ‘murderous innocence of the sea’. As a father, the poet wishes beauty for his daughter but not in such voluptuousness to engross the others to distraction or make her vain. He knows that people of immense superficial beauty consider beauty to be an end in it itself. They are blindfolded by their overwhelming beauty when the behold themselves ‘before a looking glass’, lose their ‘natural kindness’ and become inadequate to make the right choices in life. They are often lonely souls unable to respond to ‘sincere love’ or ‘find a friend’. The poet does not aspire his daughter to be bereft of kindness. He shudders at the thought of her daughter turning out to be another Helen of Troy, who finding life ‘dull and flat’ eloped with Paris only to ignite a war the completely destroyed the city of Troy. He cites the example of Queen Aphrodite who, having no guardians to impose restrictions on her chose a ‘bandy-legged smith’ for a husband. This substantiates his statement that women of exquisite beauty are often unpredictable and choose a ‘crazy salad’ to go with their ‘meat’. He puts forward a slice of his own life as an example of true exquisiteness and charm which his wife exudes. He philosophically remarks that ‘hearts are not had as a gift but hearts are earned’. Though men often are initially entices by bewitchingly stunning females, it is really the compassion and warmth of the women by which they get enamored in the end. The father in the poet is keen that his daughter should be like a humble tree giving succor and shade to the people when she grows up. She should live a life of constancy deeply rooted to her culture and traditions. Yeats wants his daughter to be like the ‘linnet’ whose songs infuse pure and unadulterated happiness in others. He hopes that she would be like the laurel tree, standing firm on her convictions. The poet realizes that his mind ,after being enticed by all the beauty that he had been attracted to, has ‘dried up’, become drained of all ideas and intelligence. He realizes that hatred is the worst of all evils. If an individual decides not to succumb to hatred, the no force, however violent and detrimental, can’ tear the linnet from the leaf’. He goes on to give a paradigm of ‘intellectual hatred’ in the form of Maude Gonne who due to her ‘opinionated mind’ had to give away everything. The truth rings in poet’s mind that by eliminating the malady of hatred, the soul not only recovers the ‘radical innocence’ but also embarks on a journey that is ‘self delighting, self-appeasing, self-affrighting’. It is only then would his daughter be able to face every storm or ‘scowl’ happily. Finally, Yeats hopes, as a father, that his daughter would be betrothed to a man who has forever steered away from ‘arrogance and hatred’. Their marriage should a custom for spreading peace and happiness like ‘the laurel tree’.

Dont believe these 4 money saving myths

Dont believe these 4 money saving myths When we think of money and our grand financial plans- both short-term and long-term- we tend to cling to those old, time-tested maxims about saving money that we’ve heard over and over again, starting from when we were young and filling up our first piggy banks. We assume that most of these maxims are true- after all, they’ve withstood the test of time and if we hear something enough times from enough people we tend to accept them at face value. But†¦have you ever stopped and thought about whether or not these money-saving notions are actually true, or still hold up in today’s economy? Let’s take a closer look at some common money saving myths, and see if they still hold up.1. Debt is bad.Who hasn’t been told early on by someone in a trusted position that â€Å"debt is bad† and that we should always strive to live a life of total economic freedom, unshackled by the evil forces of debt, which only serves to cripple us financially. If this was something you simply accepted as true- think again.Responsible debt, which means borrowing money or utilizing credit within a range that makes realistic financial sense for you and your economic situation, is actually an effective way to establish a good credit history, and lets you build sound long-term financial habits and behaviors. Getting comfortable assuming debt, which can help you build your abilities with handling maintaining regular repayment schedules and understanding interest rates and other key financial terms, can really help set you up for responsibly handling future loans, purchases, and investments.2. Buying cheaper is smarter.Lots of us are guilty of this one- when considering a purchase we research a wide range of options at various prices and convince ourselves that the cheapest option is the most financially responsible choice. After all, we’re saving money, aren’t we? Well†¦maybe not.The truth is, it’s only sometimes true that pu rchasing the cheapest option is the smart approach. Why? Because it’s often true that cheaper isn’t better and you’ll wind up spending more money in the long run on replacements for the cheaper item when it breaks vs. buying the more expensive, higher quality item that lasts first.3. Owning is better than renting.This notion is about as old as the first mortgage and as pervasive as it gets†¦but is it true? Like many things in life, this isn’t so black and white, and the actual answer is†¦maybe.The truth is, it depends on your situation. While it’s often true that using your money towards paying a mortgage and owning property is a smart move when compared to paying rent to help someone else who owns the property, you have to keep in mind that owning property comes with many additional expenses, including property tax, land tax, and maintenance and upkeep fees, which renters often don’t have to worry about. So, depending on your fina ncial situation and resources, buying a house may also be buying you a set of financial concerns that you may not be ready to take on.Furthermore, the terms of a mortgage can vary wildly, and as we’ve seen during the recent mortgage crisis and housing bubble, depending on your mortgage things can get financially risky fast. The bottom line: it’s in your best interest to take a full, in-depth financial inventory before determining if buying or renting make sense for you right now.4. You don’t have to save money until I’m older.Many younger people fall prey to this notion, that they have plenty of time in the future to start worrying about saving money and being financially responsible. After all, isn’t it the privilege of youth to be carefree and irresponsible, and worry about the important stuff like money when they’re older?It might not surprise you that this is an extremely shortsighted and foolhardy approach to money saving. The truth is, it’s never too soon to start saving money and developing sound financial habits. Furthermore, once you get into the mindset that you can put something off until later, it only gets easier to keep operating under this principle, and later can quickly become too late.The truth revealedOkay, so now you know the truth- some of those old money-saving myths we’ve all been told may or may not hold up for you, depending on your current financial situation and short- and long-term financial goals. That said, make sure to always take stock of your current financial situation and outlook when making any serious financial decision, and if you can consult with a financial expert, even better. Good luck!

Australian Aboriginal Dot Art Essay Example for Free

Australian Aboriginal Dot Art Essay Aboriginal art has been overshadowed by the idea that it is primarily presented in dots. It has got to the point where people believe that certain Aboriginal people own the dot and artists both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal are hesitant to use consecutive dots within artwork. Explain how the above has evolved and where dot art has come from Dot paintings today are recognised globally as unique and integral to Australian Aboriginal art. On the surface the dot is simply a style of Aboriginal painting, like the use of cross-hatching or stencil art. Exploring deeper into the history of the Aboriginal dot painting a world of camouflage, secrecy and ritual is discovered. The term ‘dot painting’ stems from what the Western eye sees when faced with contemporary Aboriginal acrylic paintings. This painting style arose from the Papunya art movement in the 1970s. Papunya Tula artists used a process which originally mirrored traditional spiritual ceremonies. In such rituals the soil would be cleared and smoothed over as a canvas (much like the dark, earthy boards used by the Papunya Tala) for the inscription of sacred designs, replicating movements of ancestral beings upon earth. These Dreaming designs were outlined with dancing circles and often surrounded with a mass of dots. Afterward the imprinted earth would be smoothed over, painted bodies rubbed away, masking the sacred-secrets which had taken place. This ritual was shifted from ground to canvas by the Papunya Tula who eventually added an array of naturally produced colours to the restricted palette of red, yellow, black and white produced from ochre, charcoal and pipe clay. Such pieces reveal a map of circles, spirals, lines, dashes and dots, the traditional visual language of the Western Desert Aboriginal People. However these marks were permanent and due to arising interest made public, creating internal political uproar. Consequently representations of sacred objects were forbidden or concealed through the dotting technique. Now that the collecting of pieces of Aboriginal art has become so popular world-wide, a common, mistaken belief is that the Dot Painting Style of Central Australia is a recent development. This belief arises because it was in the 1960s that a Central Australian school teacher encouraged the old men of the tribe to record their art on European sheets of board, using acrylic paints. This use of acrylic paints on flat board dates from that time. However, the art style itself, with geometric designs, is seen in the petroglyphs (rock engravings) dating back thousands of years. Ancient petroglyphs showing concentric circles (non-naturalistic art style), inland South Australia The use of dots was once Australia-wide, particularly seen on body decoration when people are painted for ceremonies, and paintings in the remote Kimberley region where dots are clearly seen on the body decoration of some of the earliest human figures, likely to be older than 20,000 years. See accompanying photo. ) Dot decoration on the body of an ancient human figure, Kimberley Aboriginal Art: Traditional to Contemporary The resurgence of Australian Indigenous art has become one of the ‘most brilliant and exciting new eras of modern art. ‘ It has grown with such amazing diversity and enthusiasm that art critic, Robert Hughes, has described it as ‘the last great art movement. ‘ For indigenous Australians art has been a part of their culture and tradition for thousands of years and is recognised as one of the oldest living art traditions. Though, over the past 30 years it has progressed from being confined primarily to the tourist industry, to become a richly, evolving international art movement. Since the Renaissance of Aboriginal art during the early 1970’s, Aboriginal artists have been encouraged to find new, innovative ways of incorporating cultural traditions into their imagery. This encouragement first began through an art teacher, Geoffrey Bardon, who became the catalyst for contemporary Aboriginal art. Fascinated by the traditional sand designs created by Indigenous children in Papunya, Bardon encouraged the Aboriginal community to re-create their Dreamtime stories through paintings. He introduced them to acrylic paint and from there Aboriginal art gained a more permanent form and the style, popularly known as ‘dot art’, emerged as the most recognisable form of Aboriginal art. It was a new form of art which also allowed Aborigines to, for the first time, express to the rest of Australia and the world, the ancient traditions of their culture. Many Aboriginal artists have chosen to continue practicing traditional art as a means of conserving the conventional method of creating, inherited from their tribal ancestors. Their content, which is explicitly aboriginal, is usually derived from their history and culture, as a continuation of the spiritual link they possess with their country. Research When The emergence of ‘dot’ paintings by Indigenous men from the western deserts of Central Australia in the early 1970s has been called the greatest art movement of the twentieth century. Prior to this, most cultural material by Indigenous Australians was collected by anthropologists. Consequently, collections were found in university departments or natural history museums worldwide, not art galleries. Where That all changed at a place called Papunya. Papunya was a ‘sit-down’ place established in the early 1960s, 240 kilometres northwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory (NT). The settlement brought together people from several western desert language groups: the Pintupi, Warlpiri, Arrernte (Aranda), Luritja, and the Anmatyerr, who were unaccustomed to living in close proximity to each other. Dot Painting or Aboriginal Dot Art originated in the desert using natural substances on the ground in the sand. Those pictures in the sand are not unlike the paintings we see today produced using acrylic paints. The acrylic paintings are usually done using acrylic paint and it is applied to canvas or art board with various diameter sticks dipped into paint and then applied one dot at a time. The Australian Aborigine of the western desert constructed their stories using ochre, sand, blood, coal from their fires and plant material placed together on the ground clump by clump for various ceremonial occasions. If you look at the desert landscape from the height of any small bluff or hill what you see looking down are clumps of growth scattered about a red landscape. The spinifix grass, desert hardwood bush and occasional rocks or rock outcrops make up the myriad of dots that seem to cover the landscape. Because everything in the desert has meaning to the Australian Aborigine these seemingly unimportant arrays of pattern in the desert have special meaning to the Dot painters of the western desert. If you were to ever fly over the desert low enough to see what was on the ground you would see what he dot painting has replicated for you to see. These dots are a myriad of clumps of natural splendour which might go unnoticed had you not seen a dot painting and looked to see what it was about. The arrangement of the plants, rocks and water are all part of the spirit of creation and it is because of this placement that Aboriginal people have traversed the deserts safely without printed maps for th ousands of years. The placement and arrangement of all of these natural things are in songs and these songs are often sung while the painting is being created. Nearly every painting has a song and the songs often disclose important ceremonial facts about a particular region or area. These important ceremonial places are often in the paintings but because they are sacred to Aboriginal people they are camouflaged in some way, visible to the initiated person but invisible to others who do not know what to look for. Many paintings contain these special hidden meanings and the new owners of these paintings will never know what the whole story of their purchased painting is about. Only over time may some insight be gained from looking at the painting. This is a point of pride among the Australian Aboriginal artists because they see the purchase of their art or for them the sale of their art, as a validation of their race and culture by others. This is because a value has been placed on the art. Since the Australian Aboriginal culture is depicted in all traditional paintings they are passing down their knowledge in the only way they are able, to those who have yet to understand it. The Aboriginal people do not have a written language so these painting of their stories and ceremonies are all they have to save this culture for future generations. The colour and the placement of the dots are important to depicting the visible message and camouflaging the hidden message in Aboriginal dot art. Even the over painting of an area of the work has special significance and may convey different messages. Some people gifted with a since of tactile feeling are able to feel a special vibrancy emanating from their painting. Who Many of the significant early artists at Papunya were senior men who had vivid memories of their first contact with white people. Typically, they came out of the desert as adults during the 1950s drought and their connection to ritual law was strong. The first artists’ collective, Papunya Tula Artists, was set up in 1972 by men from this settlement. Papunya Tula Artists was the inspiration and model for many other Indigenous artists’ collectives. In 2009 there are 42 desert Indigenous art communities represented by Desert. The artwork was seen as a way to keep the culture alive, and carry Indigenous stories to the world. The movement was seen as being about recollection and cultural memories linked to Dreaming’s’ or story types. Why the modern aboriginal â€Å"dot art† movement started? Geoffrey Bardon AM (1940–2003) Geoffrey Bardon began working as an art teacher at Papunya Special School in 1971. Concerned that the school’s curriculum, appearance and ethos seemed out of step with Aboriginal culture, Bardon attempted unsuccessfully to involve his class in painting a series of murals on the school walls. Thereupon Kaapa Tjampitjinpa, Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra, Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri and others created the Honey Ant Mural, which inspired many senior men to ask Bardon for painting materials and eventually begin painting in the Men’s Painting Room. The Men’s Painting Room, Papunya – Johnny Warangkula Tjupurrula can be seen in the middle ground painting a Kalinypa Water Dreaming. His two boomerangs are placed in front of the board as percussion instruments, ready to be used to accompany the verses of the Water Dreaming, sung at intervals during the painting process, June-August 1971 Photo: Michael Jensen Convinced of the groundbreaking importance of what he was witnessing, Bardon made comprehensive photographic, moving film and written records of the artists and the paintings that they produced while he was at Papunya. From his primary research, Bardon wrote three books and made three films that initiated public interest in Western Desert art. In 1988 Bardon was awarded the Order of Australia Medal for his unique contribution to the Western Desert art movement. The Honey Ant Mural, July 1971 Geoffrey Bardon and his Arerrnte assistant, Obed Raggett, had noticed people drawing designs in the sand at Papunya. Following this precedent, they drew circles and spirals on the blackboard in an unsuccessful attempt to encourage their class of adolescent boys to paint a series of murals on a whitewashed, cement-rendered wall of the Papunya Special School. In late July 1971, after painting a series of smaller practice murals, seven painters collaborated in the painting of a monumental mural representing the Honey Ant Dreaming specific to the site of Papunya. Working under the direction of custodians Mick Wallangkarri Tjakamarra and Tom Onion Tjapangati, the artists included Kaapa Tjampitjinpa, Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri, Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra, Johnny Warangkula Tjupurrula and Don Ellis Tjapanangka. The Honey Ant Mural, a bold expression of Aboriginal culture in a government settlement, occasioned great rejoicing at Papunya and inspired immense pride in the community. Geoffrey Bardon in front of the Honey Ant Mural, Papunya, August 1971 Photo: Robert Bardon  © artists and their estates 2011, licensed by Aboriginal Artists Agency Limited and Papunya Tula Artists Pty Ltd Pintupi people from the Western Desert Pintupi is the name of a Western Desert language spoken by Aboriginal people who belong to a large stretch of country in the Gibson Desert of Western Australia and the western edge of the Northern Territory. When the Pintupi arrived in the government settlements east of their traditional lands between the 1930s and the 1950s, they adopted the term ‘Pintupi’ to distinguish themselves from the surrounding Aboriginal inhabitants as the ‘people from the west’. They were among the last Aboriginal people in Australia to abandon their nomadic lifestyle, the last family arriving into the newly established community of Kiwirrkura in 1984. In Papunya, the Pintupi, bound to each other by their dominant loyalties of relatedness and kinship, were ostracised due to their lack of conversance with kartiya (non-Aboriginal) customs and their perceived lack of sophistication. Diversity within â€Å"dot art† – showing two different artists works. Uta Uta Tjangala – Traditional Artist Uta Uta Tjangala, who is an exemplar of the historical cultural tradition, Uta Uta’s painting career and reputation is closely aligned to the artistic renaissance that began at Papunya in 1971. He was a founding member of the men’s painting group, inspired other Pintupi tribesmen, and becoming one of the most senior and influential painters amongst the group. Born in Western Australia in Drovers Hills, he made the epic journey to Haasts Bluff with his family during the severe drought of the mid to late 1950’s in the company of Charlie Tarawa. Two years later, after returning to his homelands, he made the journey once more with Timmy Payungka, Pinta Pinta and their families. Uta Uta Tjangala (early years) Employed as a gardener at the Papunya school Uta Uta, then in his 40’s, became one of the original group drawing and painting on composition board with encouragement from art teacher Geoff Bardon. When supplying paints to Uta Uta and his gathering group of enthusiastic friends, Bardon suggested the men use their existing cultural symbols to depict their Dreamings and links to the land. The Pintupi men, having been pushed from their traditional homelands by government policy and European development, painted under a bough shelter behind the camp ‘pouring into their work their acute longing for the places depicted †¦ and chanting the song cycles that told the stories of the designs as they worked’ . These early works aroused strong protest within Aboriginal communities when first exhibited in Alice Springs in 1974 because of the disclosure of secret and sacred knowledge. A period of experimentation followed, resulting in the development of a symbolic language of classic ideograms and the characteristic dot covered areas that veil sacred elements from the uninitiated. The large, tribally mixed population of Papunya intensified the interaction, but under the influence of artists like Uta Uta, the painting group was able to break through the political and cultural constraints toward a safer stylistic conformity, and prepare the way for personal and distinctive styles to emerge. Uta Uta in particular, with his exciting and charismatic personality as well as his bold and dynamic style, played a vital role in these developments. Bardon recalled many years later, ‘everything that came from him was genuine’ . Uta Uta’s 1971 and 1972 paintings generally featured major story elements with only the barest dotted in-fill within the iconography and small sections of the background. The aesthetic balance and harmony of these works is derived through colour and weight rather than by a geometric division of the painted surface. The rather crude dotting and line work of these early paintings on board embues them with an energy and power that is less apparent in his later more technically proficient works. His paintings are far stronger and more powerful when the clean unadorned background remains, unlike paintings by his contemporary Kaapa, whose early works became more aesthetically appealing as he began to in-fill the background. In developing a style that censored the more secret and sacred content in his painting, Uta Uta added more dot-work as the years went by. He painted more Tingari sites completely surrounded by neat dots that became less and less detailed. Despite his advancing age during the late 1970’s he continued to paint as he spent increasing time at outstations west of Papunya and, at the beginning of the 1980’s, he completed what was to become one of the most important and revered works of the entire Western Desert art movement. Yumari 1981, possibly his largest and most significant painting, reveals the mythical Tingari ancestors traveling across vast stretches of country as they create sites and institute rituals. Yumari is a rocky outcrop in his home country and the key ceremonial site of the area. Story elements and natural features blend seamlessly into a beautifully balanced geometry of concentric circles and connecting lines that enclose a central, abstracted figure. This body continues rather than interrupts the intense, minutely dotted background configurations, yet still holds the central focus. The work is characterised by the sinuous movement of converging regular and irregular shapes, accentuated by outlining white dots. The predominant use of an earthy red alongside vivid yellow ochre, further emphasizes the assertive quality in this cohesive and powerful statement of Aboriginal tradition. The work was exhibited at the XVIII Bienal de Sao Paulo in 1983 and is now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia. While painting Yumari, important discussions were taking place at Papunya concerning the move back to the Pintupi homelands at Kintore. Land rights legislation during the 1970’s returned ownership of the land to its traditional owners and Uta Uta was a strong advocate for resettlement. Australian Aboriginal Dot Art. (2016, Oct 14).

Encryption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Encryption - Essay Example Chung takes V2 kL mod n1 received from Lilly and operates on it by exponentiation modulo n1 with kC to give V2 kLkC mod n1. He intends to use this as session key ks1C to encrypt his message to a client. Ks1C = V2 kLkC mod n1 = 37(127*234) mod 257 = 133 mod 257 Step 4 Lilly takes V1 kC mod n1 received from Chung and operates on it by exponentiation modulo n1 with kL to give V1 kCkL mod n1. She intends to use this as session key ks1L to attempt to decrypt Chung's message to a client. Ks1L = V1 kCkL mod n1 = 126(234*127) mod 257 = 252 mod 257 (b) If Chung and Lilly had both picked the value V4 for their parts of the key exchange using the method illustrated in part (a), the result would be a session key of 192. Complete Table A4 to show how a session key ks = 192 might be encrypted with the client's public key, and then decrypted by the client on receipt. Table A4 Encryption of the session key Step 1 The value for the session key ks supplied in Question 2 Part (b). ks =192 Step 2 The value for the modulus n2 supplied in Question 2 Part (b) n2 =26 Step 3 The value of the session key ks written as text ks expressed in text = one nine two Step 4 A suitable value for Tait's public key KT KT = 15 Step 5 The session key ks encrypted with Tait's public key KT. { ks} KT = C T: {R}ks, {ks}KT = CNINQNIZSC Step 6 __ A suitable value for Tait's private key KT __ KT =7 Step 7 The result of decrypting the encrypted session key __ using Tait's private key KT {{ks}KT}KT = ONENINETWO Question 3 Complete the following unfinished sections in the main body and appendix of the report printed in the appendix to this companion, and referred to in the 'Background for Questions...Today, the encryption process involves altering and rearranging bits of digital data using a systematic procedure that can be converted into a computer program. Encryption is a commonly used method for providing a certain degree of security in technology-based systems. Simple encryption methods include the substitution of letters for numbers, the rotation of letters in the alphabet or the "scrambling" of voice signals by inverting the sideband frequencies. The more complex methods use sophisticated computer algorithms that rearrange the data bits in digital signals. Data is converted into a series of numbers which are then used as input into calculations. The calculated results become the encrypted data (Case Resource). In 1976 the idea of public key encryption was introduced to the field of cryptography. The idea revolved around the premise of making the encryption and decryption keys different so that the sender and recipient need not know the same keys. The sender and the recipient will both have their own private key and a public key would be known by anyone. Each encryption or decryption process would require at least one public key and one private key (Mycrypto.net 2008). Public key encryption techniques or asymmetric key systems avoid the need to distribute keys in secret. Symmetric key systems are those which allow the decryption process to be derived from the encryption key.

Undergraduate Education by Marty Nemko Assignment

Undergraduate Education by Marty Nemko - Assignment Example Nemko feels that lectures are very unproductive, however, colleges are a big business and use of lectures is the cheapest method to instruct the masses. He further argues that several professors lack the desire to educate undergraduates, but do it anyway since that’s where the cash lies. The rate of graduation at 4-year colleges is about 40%, which would be not acceptable in any other enterprise. Nemko elaborates the statistics used by colleges to make them appear more elite. He has a feeling that colleges misleadingly advertise custom-made experience amongst other things. He then elucidates what he would do to fix the system. Nemko wants colleges to provide reports that have got genuine statistics and that can directly apply to an individual. He claims that this would at least provide a student with a reasonable preview of his/her next 4 years. Nemko favors online interactive lecture and concludes by stating that continued funding of these poor enterprises will yield and chan ge nothing. It is therefore very clear that Marty Nemko presents an effective argument in â€Å"America’s Most Overrated Product: Undergraduate Education†. Nemko is very clear in his presentation as to why a college education is the most overrated product in America. He in no uncertain terms presents his argument using factual data that he has authoritatively researched on. He explains how even the parents who have no money will spare nothing to have their kids get a college education. He calls it mortgaging their future so as to pay for their children’s college education and gives the approximate figures of $200,000 for a 4-year college degree.

The Christian Counselor's Manual...by Jay Adams Essay

The Christian Counselor's Manual...by Jay Adams - Essay Example Therefore, the work is an important contribution to the Christian pastors and counselors and it deals with essential questions such as who is qualified to be a counselor, how can counselees change, how does the Holy Spirit work, what is the role of hope and the function of language etc. In the opening chapter of the book, the author discusses about the persons involved in counseling and he maintains in the second chapter that the Holy Spirit is the principal person in counseling. The third chapter deals with the human counselor and discusses about who should counsel, counseling as ministerial, qualifications for counseling, authority in counseling, counselors as directive and the personality of the counselor. The final chapter of the first part offers a discussion on the counselee and includes topics such as sources of knowledge, no surprises necessary, solutions for every problem, what the counselor needs to know, how prior knowledge helps, and counselees can change. "Part Two: The Presuppositions and Principles" includes seven chapters and the first of these covers the topic presuppositions and principles basic to counseling.

Effects of Corporate Scandal on Governance in the UK

Effects of Corporate Scandal on Governance in the UK 1.1 Introduction The aim of this thesis is to examine the evolution of Corporate Governance in the United Kingdom and the affects which corporate scandals had on it. This aim is achieved through the following objectives: The development of Corporate Governance in the United Kingdom. The affect of corporate scandals on stakeholders. Corporate scandals and Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance has been a source of discussion among investors and entrepreneur and it has gone through many changes in recent years. It is defined as the structures and processes for the direction and control of companies (World Bank, 2005). The importance of Corporate Governance came into enlightenment after the collapse of high profile organisation such as Robert Maxwell (Parkinson Kelly, 1999). These corporate failings lead to UK Corporate governance being improved (Iskander Chamlou, 2000). The Dramatise change in Corporate Governance affected many big organisations with a number of challenges. But the key aspect of Corporate Governance is Risk-taking is fundamental to business activity (Spira Page, 2003), which means risk taken by the organisation must be controlled properly and from here Risk Management comes in. To select Corporate Governance as a dissertation topic large amount of research activities with many sources of literature is being used. One of the major problem realised with this topic was, there was ample amount of literature available and that to is very difficult to select the most appropriate one. But problem was solved by concentrating on academic literature, which is mentioned in brief in this dissertation. The structure of this dissertation is as follows, chapter one will focus on literature review, which will provide some basis knowledge for this dissertation. The main aim of the literature review is to highlight the various factors associated with the evolution of Corporate Governance. This section will also include Corporate Governance in the USA which will only give some idea how the legislation is different in two countries. Secondly we will discuss some scandals (Arthur Andersen and Robert Maxwell). The purpose of choosing these two case is to show by which Corporate Governance reached the stage of maturity. Robert Maxwell scandal which occurred in the UK and Arthur Andersen scandal occurred in the United States, which will be the second chapter of this dissertation which actually gave the birth to Corporate Governance. And the last part of the dissertation which is third and final chapter will describe some limitation and conclusion. Chapter 1 Literature Review The aim of this section is to provide an overview in order to analyse different aspect of Corporate Governance and scandals which are linked with the aim and objective of this dissertation. This part of the dissertation will describe about, what Corporate Governance actually is, discussing definitions. Further it will present back ground, development of Corporate Governance in UK, need for Corporate Governance and Corporate Scandals. What is Corporate Governance? Corporate governance is a field in economics that investigates how to secure/motivate efficient management of corporations by the use of incentive mechanisms, such as contracts, organizational designs and legislation. This is often limited to the question of improving financial performance, for example, how the corporate owners can secure/motivate that the corporate managers will deliver a competitive rate of return, www.encycogov.com, Mathiesen [2002]. Corporate governance deals with the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assure themselves of getting a return on their investment, The Journal of Finance, Shleifer and Vishny [1997, page 737]. Some commentators take too narrow a view, and say it (corporate governance) is the fancy term for the way in which directors and auditors handle their responsibilities towards shareholders. Others use the expression as if it were synonymous with shareholder democracy. Corporate governance is a topic recently conceived, as yet ill-defined, and consequently blurred at the edge. Corporate governance as a subject, as an objective, or as a regime to be followed for the good of shareholders, employees, customers, bankers and indeed for the reputation and standing of our nation and its economy Maw et al. [1994, page 1]. Corporate Governance is the structures and the process for the direction and control of companies (World Bank, 2005). This definition only explain the involvement of Corporate Governance, however it fails to explain in depth about Corporate Governance. The other definition says the system by which companies are directed and controlled (Cadbury, 1992, Coyle, p4). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 1998) explain Corporate Governance in more details it says A set of relationships between a companys board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. It also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined (United Nations, 2003, p1). If we look at the definition provided by the OECD (1998) we can say Corporate Governance involve number of parties such as stake holder, share holder and board, and the goal of an organisation can be achieved by using Corporate Governance. And lastly we can say Corporate Governance measures the performance of the company. Background Many large organisations in UK suffered because of the Corporate Governance and this was the main reason for the number of changes in it throughout the years. One of the secondary reasons for this change was the economy and society as well. In this section we will focus on this area, the change occurred in this area and the impact of these changes on corporate world. Dubbed the Enron of England, the South Sea Bubble was one of historys worst financial bubbles (Stock Market Crash! 2006). This was started in 1711, when a war felt Britain in arrears by 10 million pounds. And this debt was financed by the South Sea Company at 6% interest. A part from the interest, Britain also gave the right to trade exclusively in the South Seas. The failure of the South Sea bubble was the expectation of the directors lying about the profits, as the South Sea Company issued stock to finance its operation. Interested Investors quickly realised that company is having monopoly in the market, so the share price increased drastically from the scratch. Speculation became rampant as the share price kept skyrocketing (Stock Market Crash! 2006). And after certain period the management realized that the company share was overvalued. Well we can say that this point in time this happened because there was none of the guidance documents which are available today. Cadbury Committee told this initiative and they produce the first guidance document in the UK, which was chaired by Adrian Cadbury (Cadbury, Report, 1992). The Cadbury Committee Report included a number of financial aspects of corporate governance i.e. the role of the board, auditing and reporting of financial information to shareholders (Cadbury Report, 1992). Cadbury Committee Report was structured in such a manner that the organisations can easily follow it. Here are some outlines of Cadbury Committee Report, Section 4 deals with the structure of board, and there should be executive directors and independent non-executive directors. Section 4.11 explains the purpose of having non-executive directors. The responsibilities of directors which are mentioned in section 4.28. Internal control is discussed in section 4.31 of the Cadbury Report (1992) which provided guidance on keeping records of accounts and reducing the chance of fraud (Cadbury, 1992). Section 4.33 which explain about Audit committee and there relationship with the board members and the appointment of external auditors. However Cadbury Committee report fails to unveil directors remuneration, which leads to the introduction of the Greenbury Report. The chartered Institute of Management Accountants (1999) explains the purposes of having Greenbury Report, to encourage more transparency with the organisation. It provides guidance on directors salaries, bonuses, and also accountability (Chambers 2002). Section A of the Greenbury Report discusses about the directors remuneration and directors remuneration should be decided by a remuneration committee. This committee should include non-executive directors who will decide upon the remuneration of the directors (Greenbury, 1995, section A1). The remuneration committee should provide report to shareholders which are discuss in Section B of the Greenbury Report disclosure and approval provisions (Greenbury, 1995, section B). Section C of the Greenbury Report discuss the performance of the company with there directors. The performance- related component of remuneration should be plan to align the interest of Directors and shareholders and to give directors enthusiastic incentives to execute at the highest levels (Greenbury, 1995, section C). Section D of the Greenbury Report discusses service contracts and compensation (Greenbury Report, 1995, Section D). This part focus on, how much compensation a director is entitled in the event of lea ving the company before his/ her contract expires. This means that shareholders know accurately how much it would cost them if they are firing any one of there director or directors. Hampel and the Broadening of Control Hampels Committee on Corporate Governance (1998) resulted in both a step fore and a step back from the earlier Cadbury report. Hampel elaborated the concept of internal control business risk assessment and response, financial management, compliance with laws and regulations and the safeguarding of assets, including the minimising of fraud (Hampel, 1998, pp. 53-54). The authors clearly stated that They are not concerned only with the financial aspects of governance (Hampel, 1998, p.53). Hampel took a broad view of internal control, stating that it is the responsibility of directors to establish a robust system of risk management, to recognize and appraise potential risks in every aspect of the business operation. The control concept of Hampels was welcome by many organisations, which also include the Association of British Insurers (ABI) which recognise it a realistic approach that motivated companies to deal with their compliance with the new corporate governance requirements (Fagan, 1999). Neil Cowan, Vice President of the European Confederation of Institutes of Internal Auditing, say that Hampels view of risk management represented a welcome restatement of that part of a Boards prime responsibility for devising a strategy that will ensure the companys continued existence (Cowan, 1997). The Turnbull Report A committee chaired by Nigel Turnbull produce a new report titled, Internal Control: Guidelines for Directors on the Combined Code, under the support of Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW, 1999), it was published less than two years after the Hampel Committee on Corporate Governance was published. The document issued by Turnbull committee filled may gaps left by Cadbury and Hampel. The report was drafting by the recommendations of the Combined Code and the underlying Hampel recommendations that directors review all controls. The main aim of the report as agreed by large organisation including ICAEW and the London Stock Exchange was to provide guidance to the listed companies and to implement the requirements in the Code relating to internal control. But the main purpose of the report was giving the relaxation to companies to explain their governance policies, the guidance obliged the board to report on the effectiveness of the companys system of internal c ontrol. This centre on internal control is attached to the idea of a dynamic company, which requires non-stop monitoring and auditing. The Report states that: A companys objectives, its internal organisation and the environment in which it operates are frequently developing and, consequence, the risks it faces are frequently altering. So there should a sound internal control system which depends on a regular assessment of the nature and extent of the risks to which the company is exposed. As profits are, in part, the prizes for successful risk-taking in business. Internal Control purpose is to help manager and control risk appropriately rather than to eliminate it. (ICAEW, 1999, p.5, para.13). Turnbull Committee involve two steps to interpret, firstly to identify the risk and how the risk is managed and evaluated. Secondly, assess the effectiveness of the internal control system, it procedure and effectiveness. Some other report which focuses on Corporate Governance in UK are Rutteman Report 1994 on Internal Control and Financial Reporting, Myners Report 2001 on Relationship between institutional investors and companies, Tyson Report 2003 on Recruitment and development of non executive directors (Chartered Institute of accountants for England and Wales, 2006). Why use Corporate Governance? The argument that the company should be subject to legal regulation at least some of their actions tends to be couched in term of Market failure. Companies are recognized to have characteristics, particularly the scale and scope of their operations, which make the market governance of their actions imperfect. The purpose of the regulation is to iron out those imperfections and to restore market governance. Now in some cases this may mean very extensive legal regulation indeed, and in exceptional cases, particularly in respect of the so-called natural monopolies, an acceptance that market governance must be abandoned in favour of economy governance. This is a topic, which is growing in importance following a number of high profile failures. In UK stock market as per Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance,1992 all listed companies need to publicly state whether or not they comply with Corporate Governance. If the Investors they are not fulfilling this requirement, they may full loss as this is an incentive for the listed companies to use Corporate Governance otherwise investors may choose to invest elsewhere. According to James Madison (Bavly, 1999) No man is allowed to be judge in his own case, because his interest would certainly bias his judgement and, not improbably corrupt his integrity described by James Madison (Bavly, 1999). Because of the Corporate Governance, companies are run in a fair and efficient manner to maximise the wealth of the organisation rather than maximise the profit and that no one person should have too much control. The Institute of Chartered Accounts for England and Wales (ICAEW, 2002) discuss the importance of Corporate Governance in more details, ICAEW (2002) explain that because of the corporate scandals, Corporate Governance came into motion or it can also be said corporate scandals is the main driver for Corporate Governance as it highlights what can actually happen and also the devastating affects. The ICAEW (2002) also indicated that because of the awareness and the increased knowledge of shareholders have lead to companies to improve there presentation in the market and also to improve the way in which they operate in order to attract investment. Shareholder influence affect the structure of an organisation (Investments) so they having a positive impact on Corporate Governance as it is a key driver for the implementation of Corporate Governance to many companies. Iskander and Chamlou (2000) explain that, to increase the market value and the market share good corporate Governance is essential. This is a key subject to consider because if the management is not performing efficiently and effectively, then money is going to be spent on agency problems, which arise. However with good Corporate Governance the board is working more consistently. Coyle (2003/2004) explains that there is also a difference of interest between directors of a company and its shareholders. The directors need to earn more benefits and high remuneration whereas the shareholders want the company to be earn more profit or to maximise the profit of an organisation so that they can cover there cost of capital. Corporate Governance allows shareholders and Directors to set criteria to come to an friendly agreement. This allows to set out exact guidelines to each other thus reducing conflict. (PriceWaterHouseCooper, 2004) The above figure is taken from a survey conducted by PriceWaterHouseCooper in year 2004, undertaking 134 executives. The executive were ask, what was the main reason for the failure of Corporate Governance. 37% of the executives replied because of the compliance failures and 26% replied because of the poor management and also because of the poor leadership. The conduct of senior executives was also a major risk according to 15% of directors. The figure clearly shows that Corporate Governance strongly focuses on activities such as leadership of executives. Corporate Governance in the USA Corporate Governance in the United States of America (USA) is different in some way from United Kingdom, however there are some similarities. In America the first Corporate Governance documents, was Treadway Report (Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, CIMA, 1999). It emphasis on auditing, which it stressed must be separate from directors (CIMA, 1999). There are many forces that have led to the development of corporate governance in the U.S. as it appears now. The problem of the corporate governance in U.S is that there is not a set of laws or regulation to decide how organization matters are to be addressed. There are two side-by-side laws first is Federal law and Second is state laws, and traditionally corporate governance is a matter of state, so it is determine by the sate laws. This recommendation of corporate governance was aimed at reviewing the performance and profitability of companies through an independent organization in order for shareholders to have a true pic ture of how the company is performing. The Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) then produced a further document on Corporate Governance which was based on Internal Control (CIMA, 1999). This was designed to discuss how a company should be run and appropriate controls, which would ensure this. After the corporate scandal of Enron, the Sarbanes-Oxley statute is really a federalization of corporate law. Sovereign of written statutes and regulations, the U.S. is a common law system so a great deal of the law on corporate governance comes through judicial decisions. The United States of America introduced corporate governance legislation in 2002, the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). High profile corporate collapses due to a number of circumstances including financial reporting irregularities leading to a lack of investor confidence and public trust. The Financial Services Authority (FSA) which is the regulating body of the Financial Services sector in the UK did a number of things in reaction to the Enron scandal (Rouston, 2003). Rouston explains that the FSA conducted a review of listing rules and looking further into the matter of accountancy and auditing (Rouston, K, 2003). However in the USA the response to the growing number of Corporate Scandals and most recently the Enron scandal the USA was different than the UK. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was introduced in 2001 as a direct response to a number of corporate failures (Matyjewicz and Blackburn, 2003). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) was useful as it meant that Corporate Governance would have to be taken seriously and that there would be company on the stock exchange who did not comply with SOX (2002). Although the UK does not have legislation many companies do use corporate governance, the Combined Code, in order to attract investors (Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, 1992). The three reasons for the development of Corporate Governance in USA:- (The Continuing Evolution of Corporate Governance in the United States- Thomas A. COLE Chairman, Executive Committee, Sidley Austin Brown Wood LLP) Capitalistic view has clearly prevailed with specific regulations imposed relating to the treatment of employees and such. The second factor in the development of U.S. corporate governance is that there are very widely held corporations. Another factor that has shaped corporate governance is the rise of the institutional investor. Paying for Good Governance One of the survey done by Mckinsey Company in 2000 all the investors are willing to pay more for a company with good board governance. Nearly 83% in latin America, 81% in US and 89% in Asia they consider that there should be proper control upon the working of the organisation. Source: Mckinsey company, Investor opinion (2000) Corporate Governance: A Mandate for Risk Management? Risk Management is described as identifying and managing a firms exposure to financial risk. Corporate Governance as describe above is a set of rules, procedure and structures by which investors, who invest in an organisation assure themselves that they are getting pre-determined return and they also ensure themselves that there investment is used and invested in efficient portfolio and the managers are not misusing there investment. It is at the top of the international development agenda as emphasised by James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank: The governance of companies is more important for world economic growth than the government of countries. This section will focus the connection between risk management and Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance and Risk Management are strongly linked and the two are used in conjunction with one another to help companies in the running of a smooth and well-organized business. One of the main reasons for the implementation of Corporate Governance is to stop Corporate Failings and Turnbull highlights that that drive the business forward, some risks should be taken (Chartered Institute Internal Auditors for UK and Ireland). And is said to calculate risks the use of risk management is essential because even the smallest risk can create big problem for companies. CIMA (1999) explain number of factors which link Corporate Governance with Risk Management, good corporate Governance reduces risks. The purpose of the risk management is to eliminate risk. Risk Management as described by Coyle (2003/04) identifying, assessing and controlling the risks facing a business, and with incorporating risk issues into decision making processes (Coyle, B, P2). And if we compare the definition provided by the (Cadbury, 1992, Coyle, p4) The system by which companies are directed and controlled both the definitions aim to protect the organisation and their investor (equity or debt) and also ensure the smooth running if the organisation. There have been many changes in issues Corporate Governance and Risk Management from the Cadbury Report of the early 1990s to the more recent Turnbull Report of 1999. Well it is now clear to all the boards of directors there responsibility to ensure that all possible threats to an organisation have been systematically identified, carefully evaluated and effectively controlled. Corporate Scandals The Corporate Scandals were occurring on a frequent basis in the 1980s 1990s (The international Corporate Governance Review 2003). This was considered as a worrying condition for investors and companies. Short et al (1998) suggested that corporate scandals can occur for a number of reasons one of the reason given by them was creative accounting, which can explain as not doing the accounts properly and hiding the problems or risk through which the company is exposed. And the investors believe that company is performing and working in a good condition and there investment is safe. They also explained that dishonest of directors also played a vital part in corporate scandals, this can be in many ways such as hiding the fact and telling shareholder that the company is doing well. Nathanson (2002) explain corporate scandals often have elements of political blame. Nathanson explain this by taking the example of Heaths Government in 1972 as they made a drive for growth. Which mean high share prices which affected the economy which was growing at round 5%. And some companies such as Slater Walker went bankrupt (Nathanson 2002). One of the interesting question to analyse is How do (the suppliers of finance) make sure that managers do not steal the capital they supply or invest it in bad projects (Licht, 2003). To protect Investors is the overall main purpose of Corporate Governance and this statement shows the overall purpose for the Corporate Governance. The scandals not only affected the shareholders of the organisation but it also harm the staff, usually financially. So the whole organisation was effected by the Corporate Scandals. One of the article printed in Financial Times in year 2002, which explain the former employees pension which was previously worth $450, 000 is now worth $12,000, this is because of the collapse of the company, and financial time total blame corporate governance (Financial Times, 2002). This shows how the collapse of a massive company such as Enron can have on one individual employee. However we should also understand that shareholder are not only one who are affected by this disaster but it also affected such as the financial services market, a decline in confidence in the market, and the government as it is poor publicity. (Market and opinion research International, 2003) The figure 3.2 highlights that confidence in UK organizations is in-fact fairly high when comparing the above data it is clear that in-fact confidence is rather high with 47% disagreeing that an Enron could occur and 35% strongly disagreeing. But the fact is that only 4% of the directors who were interviewed believe that it was likely or highly likely. To conclude this, now the directors are confident after the effective corporate governance that there wont be another Enron Scandal occurs in the UK. Maier (2005) suggested of the failure of the corporate governance is corporate scandal. And because of these corporate scandals investor loose there confidence over the market (Maier 2005). Because of these corporate scandal government introduce the Cadbury Report (1992) to increase the confidence of the investor (Cadbury Report 1992). The USA also acted in a similar way to the Enron scandal by introducing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002). It appears that corporate scandals have many bad affects but they are a key driver for Corporate Governance. Can directors be trusted to tell the truth? Agree: 17% Disagree: 65% Are directors paid too much? Agree: 75% Disagree: 11% Can firms pension promises be trusted? Agree: 34% Disagree: 43% Can accountants be trusted to check results? Agree: 37% Disagree: 39% (BBC Business, 2002) The above figure was taken from BBC business survey which was conducted in 2002 by surveying 2000 members of the UK public. The survey was conducted soon after the corporate scandals which were because of the failure of the Corporate Governance. When analysing the figure the general public of UK totally lost confidence from the companies and only 17% of the citizen respondents that they trust Directors. So we can conclude by saying that corporate governance is a prime factor or this also be explain as a key element which not only enhance investors confidence but it also promote competitiveness and ultimately the whole economy benefits. The governance of companies is more important for world economic growth than the government of countries (James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank). Cultural, political and economic norms affect the way in which a society approaches corporate governance and its affects on board leadership, management mistake and accountability. The challenge in front of the policy maker is to reach a balance of legislative and regulatory reform, taking into consideration the best practice to promote enterprise, enhance competitiveness and stimulate investment. Conclusion There are clearly many factors which act to provide incentive for institutions not to involve themselves in Corporate Governance issues. Whilst the level of monitoring by institutions is greater than that commenly supposed, such monitoring tends to be carried out in private, and, as Black and Coffee (1994) note, for most British institutions, activism is crisis driven. Furthermore, it is unlikely that behind the scenes monitoring is satisfactory, particularly from the point of view of the public, as it enhances the belief that institutions and company management are all simply part of the same old boy network, a belief illustrated by the debate concerning the high level of directors remuneration. The increase in number of informations and guidance has increased the knowledge of the companies and has also made the corporate practices more sophisticated. If we go through Cadbury committee report there was lack of internal control however Turnbull report lifted the veil and this report emphasized on internal control as part from other controls. Other countries such as the USA are different from Great Britain, the USA introduce Corporate Governance Legislation called the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Although the United Kingdom do not have Corporate Governance legislation as such companies feel obliged to follow guidance if wish to attract investment (ICAEW, 2005). Corporate Governance is very much important for these days for the companies who work either in public sector or private sector as it has been highlighted in previous high profile corporate scandals, such as Enron, that lacking of Corporate Governance companies are exposed to being involved in a Corporate Scandal (ICAEW, 2005). Corporate Governance is now becoming a culture of companies in Britain and it is more often used than ever before. Large corporate scandals in the USA, such as Enron, have an affected other countries which also include the UK. Corporate Governance is closely linked to Risk Management; so it is essential to go through the key component in the risk management regime. Chapter 2 Case Studies In order to see the poor performance of Corporate Governance and lack of Corporate Governance legislation it is useful to use the case study approach. It was very important for the dissertation as it highlights the real life example of the poor performance of Corporate Governance. A case study can be defined as a research study which focuses on understanding the dynamics present within a single setting (Eisenhardt 1989, p65). This technique (Case Study) was introduced in 1934 as per the Oxford English Dictionary (2006). According to Stake (1993) the purpose of using two case studies was to see how the failure of corporate governance and there affect on the companies in different ways. One of the key objectives of including these cases is to see the affect of corporate scandals and how they can happen and this aim can be assisted by the case study technique. There are a many limitations however; the company scandals are in different sectors of the economy. The approach of case study is having number of advantage and number of disadvantages as well. By using case studies, comparisons can be drawn, comparing one corporate scandal with the other company scandal (Jankowicz, 2005). It must be noted that when comparing the different corporate scandal they are often very different but the